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Hardening involves heating the metal to its critical temperature, followed by rapid cooling, making it hard and strong but also brittle. Tempering then reheats the hardened metal to a lower temperature, increasing its toughness and ductility while reducing brittleness. 

PROCESSES USED BY US:

• VACCUM HARDENING

• ELECTRICAL HARDENING

• SALTBATH HARDENING

• DIESEL FIRE HARDENING

Normalising involves heating the metal above a critical temperature, holding it there for a period, and then cooling it down in still air. This process results in a finer, more uniform microstructure, which enhances the material's mechanical properties.  

Annealing is a heat treatment process where metals are heated to a specific temperature, held at that temperature for a period, and then cooled slowly. The primary purpose of annealing is to reduce hardness, increase ductility, and relieve internal stresses, making the metal easier to work with and shape.

 PROCESSES USED BY US:

• Pack Annealing

• Speherodising Annealing

• Isothermal Annealing

Stress relieving, a crucial heat treatment process, aims to reduce residual stresses in metals after manufacturing processes like welding, machining, or cold working. It's typically done by heating the metal to a specific temperature and holding it there, then slowly cooling it. 

Solution annealing is a heat treatment process where materials, often alloys, are heated to a high temperature to dissolve precipitates and create a single-phase structure. This process is followed by rapid cooling (quenching) to prevent precipitation and achieve a soft, uniform microstructure. 

Precipitation hardening, or age hardening, is a heat treatment process that increases the strength and hardness of materials by inducing the formation of fine precipitates within the metal matrix. The process generally involves three stages: solution treatment, quenching, and aging. 

Heat treatment of ferrous and non-ferrous metals involves using controlled heating and cooling processes to alter their microstructure and properties, such as hardness, strength, and ductility. Common treatments include annealing, hardening, tempering, and normalizing, each with specific applications. Ferrous metals, containing iron, often undergo processes like hardening and tempering to improve their strength and durability. Non-ferrous metals, like aluminum, copper, and titanium, may be annealed or solution treated to modify their properties for specific applications.

Nitriding is a heat treatment process that introduces nitrogen into the surface layer of steel, enhancing its hardness and wear resistance. 

PROCESSES USED BY US:

• Salt Bath Nitriding: In this method, the steel part is immersed in a molten salt bath, which contains nitrogen-containing compounds. The nitrogen diffuses into the surface at lower temperatures compared to gas nitriding.  

Carburizing, a case hardening process, involves diffusing carbon into the surface of a metal, typically steel, to increase its hardness and wear resistance.  

Cyaniding is a case hardening process that introduces carbon and nitrogen into the surface of steel through the use of a molten cyanide salt bath, leading to a hard, wear-resistant surface. 

Carbonitriding is a case hardening process where both carbon and nitrogen are diffused into the surface of steel, enhancing its hardness and wear resistance